Correct Option
The correct option isA claim to 25 per cent of the land revenue
Explanation
The Maratha revenue system, particularly under Shivaji and later the Peshwas, extended beyond their direct dominion (Swarajya). To sustain their military and political influence, the Marathas levied specific claims on neighboring territories, most notably Chauth and Sardeshmukhi.
Detailed Analysis
- Definition of Chauth: The term 'Chauth' literally translates to "one-fourth." It represented a claim to 25 per cent of the total land revenue assessment of a territory.
- Nature of the Levy: This tax was not collected from the Maratha kingdom's own subjects (Swarajya) but was levied on territories outside the Maratha domain (Mughal provinces or Deccan Sultanates).
- Purpose: Payment of Chauth served as protection money. In exchange for this payment, the Marathas agreed not to raid or plunder the territory and offered protection against other potential invaders.
- Comparison with Sardeshmukhi: While Chauth was 25 per cent, Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10 per cent, which Shivaji claimed based on his status as the hereditary Sardeshmukh (chief headman) of the region.
Analysis of Incorrect Options:
- A military tax levied by Sikh chiefs: The military tax levied by Sikh chiefs for protection was known as Rakhi (typically 20 per cent of the produce), not Chauth.
- A tribute paid to the Mughal Emperor: Chauth was extracted from Mughal territories or other states by the Marathas, not paid to the Mughal Emperor as a standard tribute.
- A tax on trade and commerce: While trade taxes existed, Chauth was specifically calculated based on agrarian land revenue, not trade volume.
Key Takeaway
Chauth was a levy of 25 per cent of land revenue collected from non-Maratha territories as a fee for protection against Maratha raids, whereas Sardeshmukhi was an additional 10 per cent claim based on hereditary rights.