The correct option is Karma.
Explanation
In Jaina metaphysics, the universe is eternal and uncreated. The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (Samsara) is governed strictly by the mechanism of Karma, which interacts with the soul (Jiva).
Detailed Analysis:
- Nature of Karma in Jainism: Unlike many other Indian philosophies where Karma is viewed as an abstract moral law, Jainism conceptualizes Karma as a subtle material substance (pudgala).
- Mechanism of Bondage: When a soul acts under the influence of passions (anger, pride, deceit, and greed), it attracts these karmic particles. These particles adhere to the soul, obscuring its natural qualities of infinite knowledge, perception, bliss, and power.
- Determination of Rebirth: The accumulation of this karmic matter determines the form of the soul's next birth (human, animal, heavenly being, or hellish being). The soul remains trapped in the cycle of rebirth until all karmic matter is annihilated.
- Rejection of Other Factors:
- Divine Grace: Jainism does not believe in a creator God who dispenses grace or determines destiny; individuals are the sole architects of their fate.
- Ritual Sacrifice & Vedic Knowledge: As a Shramana tradition, Jainism rejects the authority of the Vedas and the efficacy of ritual sacrifices (Yajnas) for attaining liberation.
Key Takeaway:
In Jaina philosophy, Karma is a physical substance that binds the soul to the cycle of rebirth; liberation (Kaivalya) is achieved only by stopping the influx of new karma (Samvara) and shedding existing karma (Nirjara).