The correct option is By establishing the Basic Structure doctrine which limits Parliament's amendment power..
Explanation
The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) judgment is the cornerstone of Indian constitutional law regarding the balance of power between the Legislature and the Judiciary. It addressed the extent of Parliament's power to amend the Constitution under Article 368 versus the power of Judicial Review.
Analysis:
- By establishing the Basic Structure doctrine which limits Parliament's amendment power. is Correct: The Supreme Court ruled that while Parliament has wide powers to amend the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights, this power is not unlimited. The Court propounded the Basic Structure Doctrine, holding that Parliament cannot alter, damage, or destroy the essential features or the "basic structure" of the Constitution (such as democracy, secularism, federalism, and the separation of powers). This doctrine acts as a limitation on the constituent power of the Parliament.
- By giving the Parliament absolute power. is Incorrect: The judgment explicitly rejected the argument that Parliament possesses absolute or unlimited power to amend the Constitution. It overruled previous interpretations that suggested unfettered amending power.
- By removing the judiciary's power of review. is Incorrect: The ruling did not remove the judiciary's power; rather, it solidified Judicial Review as an integral part of the Basic Structure, ensuring that the judiciary can strike down amendments that violate the Constitution's core identity.
- By making the Directive Principles non-justiciable. is Incorrect: While the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles was discussed (specifically regarding Article 31C), the primary alteration to the Parliament-Judiciary relationship was the imposition of the Basic Structure limitation, not the justiciability of Directive Principles.
Key Takeaway: The Kesavananda Bharati ruling established the supremacy of the Constitution over Parliament by defining the Basic Structure Doctrine, which prevents the legislature from using its amendment powers to abrogate the Constitution's fundamental identity.