Correct Option
The correct option is 1, 2, and 3.
Explanation
In political theory, freedom is defined not merely as the absence of external constraints (Negative Liberty) but also as the expansion of opportunities for self-development (Positive Liberty). Constraints on freedom are impediments that restrict an individual's ability to make choices or act freely. These constraints can arise from state authority, social structures, or economic conditions.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Domination by external controls is the most traditional form of constraint. This includes restrictions imposed by the government through laws, force, or coercion. If a government or an external authority dictates an individual's actions without their consent, it constitutes a direct limitation on freedom.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Social inequality, such as the caste system, acts as a rigid constraint on freedom. It limits an individual's choices regarding occupation, social interaction, and dignity based on birth rather than merit. Such structural inequalities prevent individuals from exercising their agency, thereby curtailing their liberty.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Extreme economic inequality is a significant constraint on freedom. While an individual may be legally free, the lack of economic resources (poverty) restricts their capacity to utilize that freedom. For example, the freedom to choose a profession or education is meaningless without the economic means to access them.
Key Takeaway
Constraints on freedom are not limited to government laws or physical force; they also encompass structural barriers such as social stratification (e.g., caste) and economic deprivation, which hinder the actualization of liberty.