The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
The concept of Human Development is studied through various theoretical frameworks, including the Income Approach, Welfare Approach, Basic Needs Approach, and Capability Approach. The Welfare Approach specifically emphasizes the role of the state in ensuring the well-being of its citizens.
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
The Welfare Approach argues for higher government expenditure on education, health, social amenities, and other basic needs. It posits that the government is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximizing public spending on these welfare sectors.
Statement 2 is Correct:
This approach views human beings as passive beneficiaries or targets of all development activities, rather than as primary participants. The perspective of humans as active participants is a feature of the Capability Approach, not the Welfare Approach.
Statement 3 is Incorrect:
Under the Welfare Approach, the government is explicitly responsible for providing basic facilities. The approach relies on the state to provide for the population, rather than expecting the population to be self-reliant or the market to provide these services.
Key Takeaway:
The core distinction of the Welfare Approach is that it treats people as recipients (beneficiaries) of government aid, whereas other approaches (like Capability) view people as agents (participants) of development.