The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Under the Mughal administration, land revenue assignments were known as jagirs. While most jagirs were transferable assignments given to officials (Mansabdars) in lieu of salary, a specific category known as Watan Jagirs existed. These were hereditary domains held by local chieftains and rulers who accepted Mughal suzerainty.
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
Watan Jagirs were not temporary or transferable. Unlike the ordinary Tankha Jagirs, which were transferred every few years to prevent officials from developing local power bases, Watan Jagirs were the ancestral lands of the chieftains (such as the Rajput Rajas). The Mughal Emperor recognized their hereditary rights over these lands, and they were allowed to retain them permanently.
Statement 2 is Correct:
Many Rajput rulers, particularly those of Amber (Jaipur) and Jodhpur, served the Mughals with distinction. In exchange for their service (often as high-ranking Mansabdars) and acceptance of Mughal sovereignty, they were granted considerable autonomy within their watan jagirs. They controlled the internal administration of these territories while contributing military service to the Empire.
Statement 3 is Correct:
During the 18th century, as the central authority of the Mughal Empire declined, the Maratha Empire expanded into northern India, including Rajasthan. The Marathas frequently raided these territories, demanded Chauth (a tax amounting to one-fourth of the revenue), and interfered in succession disputes. This external pressure significantly reduced the autonomy and financial stability of the Rajput watan jagirs.
Key Takeaway:
Watan Jagirs were hereditary, non-transferable lands held by regional rulers (like Rajputs) under Mughal suzerainty, distinct from the transferable Tankha Jagirs assigned to ordinary Mansabdars.