The correct option is
1 only
Explanation
Vijayanagara architecture (1336-1565 AD) represents a vibrant evolution of the Dravida style, characterized by distinct features such as tall Raya Gopurams, Kalyana Mandapas, and monolithic carved pillars. A unique aspect of this period is the eclectic blend of indigenous temple traditions with elements derived from the neighboring Islamic Sultanates, particularly in secular and royal structures.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The architecture of the Vijayanagara Empire demonstrates a synthesis of Dravida temple architecture with Islamic styles (Indo-Islamic influence). While religious structures remained strictly Dravidian, secular and royal buildings-such as the Lotus Mahal, Elephant Stables, and the Queen’s Bath-incorporated Islamic features like arches, domes, and vaults.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Vijayanagara artisans did not reject the sculptural traditions of the Chola period; rather, they absorbed and expanded upon them. The intricate stone carvings, the concept of the Gopuram, and the layout of the temples were continuations and elaborations of the earlier Pallava, Chola, and Pandya traditions.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The art and architecture did not reject foreign elements. Apart from the structural Islamic influences in royal buildings, the sculptural art often depicted foreign subjects, such as Arab or Portuguese merchants trading horses, reflecting the empire's cosmopolitan interactions.
Key Takeaway:
Vijayanagara architecture is distinguished by the introduction of the Kalyana Mandapa, the massive Raya Gopurams, and the integration of Islamic architectural elements (arches and domes) in secular royal buildings.