The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
In the context of ancient Indian religious architecture, particularly within Buddhism and Jainism, a Vihara refers to a monastery or dwelling place for monks and nuns. These structures are distinct from Chaityas, which served as prayer halls or shrines containing a stupa.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Originally, Buddhist and Jain monks were wanderers who traveled constantly to preach, staying in one place only during the rainy season (Varshavasa). Over time, temporary shelters built for this period evolved into permanent residences known as Viharas, allowing for settled monastic life.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The earliest Viharas were not made exclusively of stone. Initially, these structures were constructed using wood. As the architectural style developed, more durable materials like brick and stone were adopted.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Many Viharas were constructed as rock-cut caves excavated into hillsides. This form of architecture became especially prominent in western India (e.g., Ajanta, Ellora, Nasik, Karle, and Kanheri), where the basalt trap rock of the Western Ghats was ideal for such excavations.
Key Takeaway:
Viharas were residential monastic establishments that evolved from wooden shelters to permanent stone and rock-cut structures. They are architecturally distinct from Chaityas (worship halls), though often found in the same complex.