Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Vedic religious tradition evolved significantly from the Early Vedic period (Rigveda) to the Later Vedic period (c. 1000 BCE - 600 BCE). This evolution marked a shift from simple, domestic worship focused on material well-being to elaborate, institutionalized sacrifices aimed at legitimizing political authority.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct. The Early Vedic tradition, centered on the Rigveda, involved the chanting of hymns in praise of deities like Agni, Indra, and Soma. These hymns were recited during sacrifices which were primarily conducted to obtain material benefits such as cattle, sons (progeny), health, and long life, rather than for spiritual salvation.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect. While the Later Vedic period (from c. 1000 BCE) saw the rise of elaborate public sacrifices performed by kings, it is factually incorrect to state that all sacrifices were performed exclusively by them. Heads of households continued to perform domestic rituals and sacrifices (such as the daily fire oblations) to ensure the well-being of their families.
- Statement 3 is Correct. In the Later Vedic period, rituals became increasingly complex and codified. Grand sacrifices such as the Rajasuya (royal consecration) and Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice) were utilized by chiefs and kings to establish their status and authority. These elaborate rituals required specialized knowledge of the Vedas and ritual procedures, making the kings dependent on Brahmana priests to conduct them properly.
Key Takeaway: The Vedic tradition transitioned from simple, householder-led prayers for material gains in the Rigvedic era to complex, priest-dominated rituals (like Ashvamedha) in the Later Vedic age, though domestic rituals by householders never ceased.