The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Sulh-i kul is a Persian term associated with the religious and administrative policy of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. It formed the cornerstone of his governance model, aiming to ensure political stability and social harmony in a religiously diverse empire.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The term Sulh-i kul literally translates to "Universal Peace," "Absolute Peace," or "Peace with all." It represented a vision of a society where people of all faiths could live in harmony without conflict.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The policy did not imply enforcing a single religion on subjects. On the contrary, it advocated for religious tolerance and freedom of expression. The state maintained neutrality and did not discriminate between citizens on the basis of religion, provided that religious groups did not undermine the state or fight among themselves.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Sulh-i kul was implemented as a principle of statecraft and governance. It focused on a system of ethics-comprising honesty, justice, and peace-that was universally applicable, rather than being tied to specific sectarian dogmas. Abul Fazl describes this ideal of governance in the Ain-i-Akbari as a method to bind the diverse population to the Emperor.
Key Takeaway:
Sulh-i kul (Universal Peace) was Akbar's policy of religious tolerance and state neutrality, focusing on universal ethics rather than sectarian enforcement to maintain imperial unity.