The correct option is (a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation
The specific descriptions of trade found in the Sangam literary work Pattinappalai, written by the poet Kadiyalur Uruttirangannanar. This poem vividly describes the bustling port city of Puhar (Kaveripoompattinam) and lists the various goods imported from different regions.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Pattinappalai explicitly mentions that horses were brought by sea in ships ("Neerin vantha nimir pari puraviyum"). This reflects the maritime trade connections with the Arab world, as local breeding of warhorses was difficult in the South Indian climate.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The poem states that gold and gemstones were imported from the Northern Mountains or Vadamalai ("Vadamalai pirantha maniyum ponnum"). In the context of Sangam literature, Vadamalai is interpreted as the Himalayas or the mythical Meru, signifying imports from the north.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: While the Pattinappalai mentions imports from Kalagam (identified with Burma/Myanmar or Kadaram in Malaysia), the text refers to "Kalagathu aakkam," which translates to the goods, produce, or wealth of Kalagam (likely spices, aromatics, or tin). It does not specifically state that pottery was imported from Myanmar. The pottery found in Sangam archaeological sites is primarily local Black-and-Red ware or imported Roman ware (Arretine/Amphorae).
Key Takeaway:
According to Pattinappalai, imports at Puhar included horses (sea), pepper (land), gold/gems (Northern mountains), sandalwood (Western Ghats), pearls (Southern sea), coral (Eastern sea), and food items (Eelam/Sri Lanka).