The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, is classified as a Bronze Age civilization. The material culture was defined by the use of stone, baked clay, and specific metals, distinct from later Iron Age cultures.
- Statement 1 is Correct: Harappan artisans utilized a wide range of materials to manufacture tools and objects. Stone (particularly chert) was used to make precision weights and blades. Shell was extensively used for making bangles, ladles, and inlay work, especially in coastal settlements like Nageshwar and Balakot. Metals such as copper, bronze, gold, and silver were also processed to create tools, weapons, vessels, and ornaments.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Harappan Civilization existed during the Bronze Age (c. 3300–1300 BCE, with the mature phase from 2600–1900 BCE). Iron technology was unknown to the Harappans. Tools were predominantly made of copper and bronze (an alloy of copper and tin). The use of iron in the Indian subcontinent began much later, associated with the Vedic period and the Painted Grey Ware culture (around 1000 BCE).
Key Takeaway: The Indus Valley Civilization is a Bronze Age culture; iron was not discovered or used during this period. Copper and bronze were the primary metals for tools and weapons.