The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only
Explanation
The social support base and geographical spread of Jainism were heavily influenced by its core doctrinal emphasis on Ahimsa (non-violence). The strict observance required by Jain principles made the religion more accessible to certain professional classes while posing challenges to others.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Jainism was supported mainly by traders and merchants. The mercantile community found it easier to adhere to the religion's strict code of non-violence, as their trade activities did not generally involve the intentional killing of living beings.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Farmers found it extremely difficult, not easy, to follow Jainism. The practice of agriculture inevitably involves the killing of insects and pests and the destruction of organisms in the soil during ploughing. This conflict with the strict vow of Ahimsa prevented Jainism from becoming popular among the agrarian class.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Over hundreds of years, Jainism spread to various parts of India. It established a strong presence in Gujarat (where the Valabhi Council was later held) and moved southwards to Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The spread to South India is historically attributed to the migration of Jain monks led by Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya.
Key Takeaway: The strict application of Ahimsa in Jainism naturally favored the mercantile community (Vaishyas) while restricting its adoption among agriculturists due to the unavoidable violence involved in farming.