The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Indian Constitution adopts a unique model of secularism characterized by "principled distance" rather than the strict "mutual exclusion" seen in Western models. This approach permits the State to intervene in religious affairs to uphold constitutional values such as equality, justice, and non-discrimination.- Statement 1 is Correct: The "Strategy of Intervention" is a distinct and defining feature of the Indian model of secularism. Unlike the Western model, where there is a strict wall of separation between religion and the State, the Indian State retains the power to intervene in religious matters to ensure the protection of fundamental rights and social welfare.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The strategy of intervention empowers, rather than prevents, the State to ban discriminatory religious practices. The State intervenes to eradicate social evils rooted in religion. For instance, the abolition of untouchability (Article 17) and the opening of Hindu religious institutions to all classes and sections of Hindus (Article 25) are direct applications of this interventionist strategy.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The State is constitutionally permitted to intervene in personal laws to ensure they align with fundamental rights and constitutional morality. Under Article 25(2), the State can regulate or restrict any economic, financial, political, or other secular activity associated with religious practice and provide for social welfare and reform.
Key Takeaway: Indian secularism is not a passive separation of religion and State but a positive concept that permits State intervention to eradicate social evils and reform religious institutions in the interest of public order, morality, and health.