The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The spread of Buddhism to Western and Southern India was closely linked to the rise of rock-cut architecture and the expansion of trade networks during the post-Mauryan period, particularly under the Satavahanas.
Statement 1 is Correct.
With the spread of Buddhism to Western India, a significant number of rock-cut caves were excavated from the hills of the Sahyadri ranges (Western Ghats). These excavations included Chaityas (prayer halls) and Viharas (residential quarters) for monks. Notable examples include the caves at Karle, Bhaja, Kanheri, Nasik, and Junnar.
Statement 2 is Correct.
These monastic establishments were strategically located near major passes (ghats) through the Western Ghats. These passes served as vital trade routes connecting the prosperous ports on the western coast (such as Sopara and Kalyan) with the market towns of the Deccan plateau. The monasteries provided shelter and security to traveling traders, who in turn supported the monks.
Statement 3 is Incorrect.
The construction and maintenance of these caves were not funded exclusively by royalty. Inscriptions found at these sites reveal that donations were made by a diverse section of society, including merchants, guilds of artisans (such as weavers and goldsmiths), and ordinary people. While kings and queens did provide patronage, the support of the mercantile community was a defining feature of Buddhism in this region.
Key Takeaway:
The proliferation of Buddhist rock-cut caves in Western India was symbiotic with trade; monasteries were located along trade routes and received patronage from a broad social base, including guilds and merchants, rather than relying solely on royal funding.