The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Harappan Civilization maintained a sophisticated trade network to procure raw materials that were not available locally. These materials were sourced from various regions within the Indian subcontinent and from distant lands.
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Copper was not imported from China. It was primarily sourced from the Khetri region of Rajasthan. Additionally, archaeological and chemical evidence suggests that copper was also brought from Oman, on the southeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Tin, which was required to mix with copper to produce bronze, was likely imported from present-day Afghanistan and Iran. Since bronze tools and artifacts were central to the Harappan economy, securing tin was a crucial aspect of their external trade.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Gold is believed to have been sourced from present-day Karnataka (specifically the Kolar region). The Harappans likely organized expeditions or maintained exchange networks with Neolithic communities in South India to acquire this precious metal.
Key Takeaway: The Harappans relied on long-distance trade for critical raw materials: Copper from Rajasthan and Oman, Tin from Afghanistan and Iran, and Gold from Karnataka.