The correct option is (a) 1 and 2 only.
Explanation
The Singh Sabha Movement was a prominent socio-religious reform movement initiated in the late 19th century to revitalize the Sikh community. It emerged as a reaction against proselytizing activities by Christian missionaries and the Arya Samaj, aiming to restore the distinct identity of Sikhism.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The first Singh Sabha was founded at Amritsar in 1873. A second Singh Sabha was subsequently established in Lahore in 1879. These organizations served as the foundational units for the broader movement across Punjab.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The movement sought to restore the purity of Sikhism by eliminating superstitions, caste distinctions, and rituals that were considered contrary to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus. It aimed to define a distinct Sikh identity separate from other religious traditions.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Singh Sabha Movement did not reject modern instruction. Instead, it actively promoted modern Western education alongside the teaching of Gurmukhi and Sikh scriptures. The movement established a network of Khalsa schools and colleges to ensure the educational upliftment of the Sikh community.
Key Takeaway: The twin objectives of the Singh Sabha Movement were the religious purification of Sikhism (removing non-Sikh practices) and the promotion of modern education among Sikhs.