The correct option is (d).
Explanation
The definition and understanding of food security have evolved significantly over the decades, shifting from a macro-level focus on supply to a micro-level focus on individual access and rights.Statement 1 is Correct: In the 1970s, particularly following the global food crisis, food security was understood primarily as the availability of adequate food supplies. The 1974 World Food Conference defined it in terms of ensuring the availability of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of consumption.
Statement 2 is Correct: Amartya Sen transformed the discourse on food security with his 'entitlement approach' (notably in his work Poverty and Famines). He argued that famines often occur not due to a lack of food availability (Food Availability Decline), but due to a lack of access or purchasing power (Food Entitlement Decline). This shifted the focus from supply to the economic capacity of individuals to acquire food.
Statement 3 is Correct: The 1995 World Food Summit (and the 1996 Rome Declaration) explicitly recognized that food insecurity is inextricably linked to poverty. It declared that poverty eradication is essential to improve access to food, reinforcing the idea that food security is a problem of access and distribution rather than just production.
Key Takeaway: Modern food security rests on four pillars: Availability (supply), Access (purchasing power/entitlements), Utilization (nutritional absorption), and Stability (consistency over time).