The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Seated Buddha from Sarnath is a masterpiece of the Sarnath School of Sculpture, which flourished during the Gupta Period (late 5th century CE). This school is renowned for its refinement, spiritual expression, and distinct stylistic features that differentiate it from the earlier Mathura and Gandhara schools.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect.
The Seated Buddha from Sarnath is made of Chunar sandstone, which is typically cream or buff-colored. The use of spotted red sandstone is the distinguishing characteristic of the Mathura School of Art, not the Sarnath School. - Statement 2 is Correct.
The panel below the throne depicts a chakra (wheel) in the center with a deer on either side. This imagery symbolizes the occurrence of the First Sermon at the Deer Park in Sarnath (Rishipattana). The figures of the five disciples to whom the sermon was delivered are also depicted alongside the devotees. - Statement 3 is Correct.
The hands of the Buddha are positioned in the Dharmachakrapravartana Mudra. This hand gesture signifies the "Turning of the Wheel of Law," representing the moment the Buddha preached his first sermon. This mudra is a central thematic element of the Sarnath Buddha sculptures.
Key Takeaway: The Sarnath School of Art (Gupta Period) is characterized by the use of cream-colored Chunar sandstone, transparent drapery (plain robes without folds), and the depiction of the Dharmachakrapravartana Mudra.