The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Ashokan inscriptions (Edicts) represent the earliest deciphered epigraphic records in Indian history. These inscriptions were strategically placed on rocks and pillars across the Mauryan Empire to propagate the policy of Dhamma. The choice of language and script varied regionally to ensure the message was accessible to the local population.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. The vast majority of Ashokan inscriptions were composed in the Prakrit language, not Sanskrit. Sanskrit became the dominant language of inscriptions in later centuries (e.g., the Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman I). Most Prakrit inscriptions were written in the Brahmi script.
- Statement 2 is Correct. In the northwestern regions, particularly in modern-day Afghanistan, Ashoka used Aramaic and Greek scripts and languages. A notable example is the Shar-i-Kuna inscription found in Kandahar, which is a bilingual edict written in Greek and Aramaic.
- Statement 3 is Correct. While the Brahmi script was used for Prakrit inscriptions throughout most of the empire, the inscriptions found in the northwest (such as at Mansehra and Shahbazgarhi in present-day Pakistan) were written in the Kharosthi script. The Kharosthi script was derived from Aramaic and was written from right to left.
Key Takeaway:
Ashokan edicts primarily used the Prakrit language and Brahmi script. However, in the Northwest, the Kharosthi script was used for Prakrit, and in Afghanistan, Greek and Aramaic scripts and languages were utilized.