The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
Sanchi Stupa-1 (Great Stupa) is a UNESCO World Heritage site in Madhya Pradesh. Originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, it was significantly expanded and embellished with stone casings, balustrades, and gateways (toranas) during the Shunga and Satavahana periods (Post-Mauryan era).
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Great Stupa at Sanchi possesses two pradakshinapathas (circumambulatory paths). One is located at the ground level, enclosed by a stone balustrade, and the other is situated on the upper terrace (medhi), accessed by a double staircase (sopana).
- Statement 2 is Correct: The four toranas (gateways) added during the 1st century BCE are not plain. They are profusely carved with elaborate sculptures depicting Jataka tales, events from the life of the Buddha, and auspicious symbols. They are considered masterpieces of early Indian narrative art.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The figure compositions on the Sanchi toranas are carved in high relief, showing advanced depth and naturalism compared to earlier styles (like Bharhut). Furthermore, the art is characterized by horror vacui (fear of empty space), meaning the compositions are crowded with figures and details, leaving very little empty space.
Key Takeaway: Sanchi Stupa-1 represents the evolution of stupa architecture from Mauryan brick structures to elaborate stone-encased monuments with dual circumambulatory paths and highly ornate gateways (toranas) featuring high-relief narrative art.