The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The rise of the Sikhs as a political and military power in the 18th century occurred amidst the decline of the Mughal Empire. Following the death of Guru Gobind Singh in 1708, the Khalsa, under the leadership of Banda Bahadur, organized a massive revolt against Mughal authority in Punjab, aiming to establish a sovereign state.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect.
The Khalsa rose in revolt against the Mughal authority, not the British East India Company. The conflict with the British occurred much later, primarily in the mid-19th century (Anglo-Sikh Wars). In the 18th century, the primary adversaries of the Sikhs were the Mughal governors and later the Afghan invaders (Ahmed Shah Abdali).
- Statement 2 is Correct.
To declare their sovereign rule, the Sikhs struck coins in the names of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. This act symbolized their independence from Mughal suzerainty and the establishment of a rule based on the principles of the Gurus. This tradition was initiated by Banda Bahadur and continued by the Sikh Misls and Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
- Statement 3 is Correct.
Banda Bahadur successfully established his own administration in the region between the Sutlej and the Jamuna (Yamuna). He appointed his own governors and revenue officials, effectively replacing the Mughal administration in this belt before his capture and execution in 1716.
Key Takeaway
The political rise of the Sikhs in the 18th century began as an anti-Mughal struggle led by Banda Bahadur, characterized by the establishment of a sovereign administration and the minting of coins in the names of the Sikh Gurus.