The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Indian Constitution was drafted and adopted by the Constituent Assembly, which functioned as the representative body of the people of India during the transition period. The process of its promulgation involved extensive debates and discussions rather than a direct popular vote.
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950. Unlike some other constitutions (e.g., Switzerland or recent examples in other nations), the Indian Constitution was not subjected to a full-fledged national referendum for its ratification. It was enacted by the people "through" the Constituent Assembly.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: While it is true that the Constituent Assembly was not directly elected by the people on the basis of universal adult franchise (it was elected indirectly by the members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies), it did not lack public credibility. The Assembly consisted of the most prominent and popular leaders of the freedom struggle who commanded immense public confidence and support. The public viewed the Assembly as a legitimate representative body.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The makers of the Constitution prioritized consensus over simple majority voting for most provisions. The final document was the result of rigorous deliberation and accommodation of diverse viewpoints, thereby reflecting a broad national consensus regarding the fundamental values and structure of the new republic.
Key Takeaway: The Indian Constitution derives its authority from the people ("We, the People of India") through their representatives in the Constituent Assembly, despite the absence of a direct national referendum or direct elections for the Assembly members.