The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The term 'Muvendar' is a Tamil word meaning "three chiefs," used in Sangam literature to refer to the heads of the three ruling families-the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas-who dominated the region of Tamilakam (South India) around 2300 years ago.
Statement 1 is Correct:
The political structure of the Muvendar was characterized by dual centers of administration. Each of the three chiefs controlled two centers of power: one located inland and one on the coast. This arrangement allowed them to manage agrarian resources from the hinterland while simultaneously controlling maritime trade. For instance, the Cholas controlled Uraiyur (inland) and Puhar (coast); the Pandyas held Madurai (inland) and Korkai (coast); and the Cheras ruled from Vanji (inland) and Muziris/Tondi (coast).
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
Puhar (Kaveripattinam) and Madurai were not the only cities in their domain. As established by the dual-center structure, there were at least six primary cities (two for each of the three chiefs). Additionally, other urban centers like Uraiyur, Vanji, Korkai, and Muziris were significant political and commercial hubs during this period.
Key Takeaway:
The Muvendar polity relied on a strategic distribution of power between inland capitals and coastal ports (totaling six major centers) to sustain a state based on both agriculture and long-distance maritime trade.