The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
India's demographic history is classified into four distinct phases based on growth trends. Phase I (1901-1921) is known as the period of a stagnant or stationary phase of growth, where the population size remained relatively stable due to counterbalancing birth and death rates.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The decade of 1911-1921 recorded a negative growth rate of approximately -0.31%. This is the only census decade in India's history to show a decline in population. The reduction was primarily driven by the devastating influenza epidemic (1918-1919), along with recurring famines and plagues.
- Statement 2 is Correct: During this phase, both the birth rate and the death rate were high. The high death rate was a result of poor medical and health services, widespread illiteracy, and inefficient food distribution systems. Consequently, the high mortality rate neutralized the high fertility rate, preventing significant population growth.
Key Takeaway:
The year 1921 is historically significant as the "Year of Great Divide" in Indian demography, marking the end of the stagnant growth phase and the beginning of steady population expansion.