The correct option is (b).
Explanation
Early maritime trade in the Indian Ocean was revolutionized by the understanding of monsoon wind patterns. Traders from the Roman Empire, Arabia, and East Africa utilized these periodic winds to navigate the Arabian Sea efficiently, connecting ports in the Red Sea and East Africa with the western coast of the Indian subcontinent.
Statement 1 is Correct:
Sailors and traders utilized the predictable monsoon winds to sail directly across the open sea rather than following the longer coastal routes. This knowledge allowed them to cross the Arabian Sea much more quickly and safely.
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
To reach the western coast of India from East Africa or Arabia, sailors relied on the South-West Monsoon, which blows towards the Indian subcontinent. The North-East Monsoon blows from the land towards the sea and was utilized for the return journey from India to the West.
Statement 3 is Correct:
Navigating the open ocean amidst strong monsoon winds required sturdy and durable ships. These vessels had to be capable of withstanding rough sea conditions and carrying significant cargo over long distances without frequent stops.
Key Takeaway:
The South-West Monsoon facilitated maritime travel from the West (Africa/Arabia) to India, while the North-East Monsoon facilitated the return journey; mastering this cycle was pivotal for the flourishing Indo-Roman trade.