The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
The Ain-i Akbari, authored by Abu’l-Fazl, serves as a vital primary source for understanding the agrarian and administrative structure of the Mughal Empire. It provides detailed statistical data regarding the zamindars, portraying them not merely as revenue intermediaries but as a powerful class with significant military resources embedded in the agrarian society.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Zamindars were not prohibited from building fortresses. In fact, the possession of forts (qilas or qilachas) was a defining feature of their power. These strongholds allowed them to maintain control over their territories and occasionally resist imperial authority.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The Ain-i Akbari explicitly records that zamindars maintained armed contingents. These forces comprised units of cavalry, artillery, and infantry. The text notes that they had control over military resources to enforce revenue collection and defend their domains.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The total combined military strength of the zamindars was immense. Abu’l-Fazl estimates their aggregate strength across the empire to be approximately 384,558 cavalry, 4,277,057 infantry, 1,863 elephants, and 4,260 cannons. This indicates that the zamindars collectively commanded a massive paramilitary force.
Key Takeaway:
Zamindars in the Mughal Empire were an armed class who possessed fortresses and maintained vast private armies consisting of cavalry, infantry, and artillery, as documented in the Ain-i Akbari.