The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization) was a Bronze Age civilization characterized by advanced urban planning, craftsmanship, and a standardized system of trade and weights. Their material culture utilized various metals and stones for utilitarian and aesthetic purposes.Statement 1 is Correct: The Harappans were well-acquainted with the manufacture and use of copper and bronze. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was extensively used to produce tools (such as chisels, celts, and saws) and weapons (such as spears, arrowheads, and short swords). The civilization is historically classified as part of the Bronze Age.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Harappans were not only aware of gold and silver but used them proficiently to make ornaments and vessels. Gold was likely sourced from the Kolar fields in Karnataka or river beds in the Himalayas, while silver was imported from Afghanistan or Iran. Numerous gold beads, pendants, and silver ornaments have been recovered from Harappan sites.
Statement 3 is Correct: The Harappans developed a highly standardized system of weights and measures to facilitate trade. These weights were typically made of a specific type of stone called chert. They were generally cubical in shape, devoid of markings, and followed a binary system (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc.) in the lower denominations.
Key Takeaway: The Harappan Civilization was a Bronze Age society that utilized copper and bronze for tools, employed gold and silver for ornamentation, and used standardized chert stone weights for trade.