The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Maratha revenue system outside their direct territory (Swarajya) relied heavily on two specific levies: Chauth and Sardeshmukhi. These were collected from neighboring territories (Mughlai) in exchange for protection from Maratha raids and as an assertion of sovereignty.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Marathas collected Chauth (25% of land revenue) and Sardeshmukhi (an additional 10% levy) across vast swathes of the Deccan. While the legal grant initially covered the six Mughal provinces of the Deccan, the Marathas eventually extended these collections to the Carnatic and other parts of the peninsula as their power expanded.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The right to levy Chauth and Sardeshmukhi in the six provinces of the Deccan was recognized by the Mughal Emperor in 1719, not the 1730s. This treaty was concluded by Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath with the Sayyid brothers (on behalf of the Mughal Emperor), granting the Marathas legal authority over these revenues.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Maratha state was heavily militarized, and the revenue from Swarajya (homeland) was often insufficient. The collection of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi provided the essential financial resources needed to sustain their large army and fund continuous military campaigns.
Key Takeaway:
The Treaty of 1719 secured by Balaji Vishwanath was a watershed moment, as the Mughals officially recognized the Maratha right to collect Chauth (one-fourth) and Sardeshmukhi (one-tenth) from the six Deccan provinces.