The correct option is 1, 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Manusmrti (or Laws of Manu) is a foundational legal text (Dharmashastra) of ancient India. It codifies social norms, duties of the King (Rajadharma), and civil and criminal laws (Vyavahara), reflecting the transition from Vedic traditions to a structured classical social order.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Manusmrti is a legal text written in Sanskrit. It is the most authoritative work in the Dharmashastra tradition, dealing with the duties of different varnas and the King.
- Statement 2 is Correct: In the section dealing with boundary disputes (Simavivadadharma), the text advises the King to ensure that boundaries between villages or landholdings are clearly marked. It explicitly recommends having concealed boundary markers buried underground to resolve disputes if visible markers are destroyed or removed.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The text lists specific non-perishable items to be used as hidden markers. These include stones, bones, cow’s hair, chaff, ashes, potsherds, bricks, and charcoal. These materials were chosen because they do not decay easily in the earth over time.
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: The Manusmrti does not suggest that boundaries are irrelevant for a powerful king. On the contrary, it lays down strict procedures for settling boundary disputes using witnesses and evidence. It emphasizes that the King must uphold justice and punish those who violate boundaries, rather than acting arbitrarily based on power.
Key Takeaway:
The Manusmrti provides a detailed legal framework for statecraft, including land administration. It prescribes the use of both visible and concealed markers (like stones, ash, and hair) to permanently demarcate boundaries and prevent land disputes.