The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Linguistic Composition of India
Linguistic diversity is a significant demographic characteristic of India. It is analyzed through historical surveys and modern constitutional classifications.
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
The Linguistic Survey of India (1903-1928), conducted by George Abraham Grierson, identified 179 languages and 544 dialects in the country. The number 22 does not refer to Grierson's survey data.
Statement 2 is Correct:
Under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, there are currently 22 Scheduled Languages. Originally, the Constitution listed 14 languages, and subsequent amendments added others (Sindhi, Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali, Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali).
Statement 3 is Correct:
According to Census data (e.g., Census 2011), Hindi is the most spoken language in India. It is followed by Bengali and Marathi, making them the three largest linguistic groups in the country.
Key Takeaway:
Grierson's historical survey recorded 179 languages, while the modern Indian Constitution recognizes 22 Scheduled Languages. Hindi, Bengali, and Marathi represent the largest speaker bases in India.