Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Kalpasutra is a prominent Jain text, traditionally attributed to Bhadrabahu (c. 4th century BCE). It is a canonical text (part of the Chedasutras) primarily revered by the Shvetambara sect. It serves as a vital source for the biographies of Jain Tirthankaras and monastic rules.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Kalpasutra contains detailed biographies of the Jain Tirthankaras. It specifically elaborates on the lives of Mahavira, Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Rishabhanatha. The section known as Jinacharitra recites the major events in the lives of these spiritual leaders.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The text does not focus exclusively on the renunciation ceremony. It comprehensively covers the five auspicious events (Panchakalyanaka) in the life of a Tirthankara: conception (garbha), birth (janma), renunciation (diksha), enlightenment (kevalajnana), and liberation (moksha). The illustrations often vividly depict the dreams of the Tirthankara's mother upon conception and the birth celebrations.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Kalpasutra is historically significant for being the most frequently illustrated text in the Western Indian School of painting (also known as the Jain style of painting), particularly between the 12th and 16th centuries. Thousands of miniature paintings from Gujarat and Rajasthan depict scenes from this text.
Key Takeaway
The Kalpasutra is a seminal Jain text attributed to Bhadrabahu that narrates the lives of the Tirthankaras (especially Mahavira) and outlines monastic conduct. It is the primary subject of Jain miniature paintings in Western India.