The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Kalpasutra illustrations belong to the Western Indian School of Painting (also known as the Jain School or Gujarat School). This style flourished primarily between the 11th and 16th centuries in the regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan, focusing on Jain religious texts.
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Kalpasutra is a Jain text containing the biographies of the Tirthankaras, most notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira. A recurring and significant theme in these illustrations is the fourteen auspicious dreams of Queen Trishala (mother of Mahavira) before his birth. These dreams symbolize the birth of a Tirthankara and are depicted with specific iconography (e.g., elephant, bull, lion, goddess Lakshmi).
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Kalpasutra illustrations are the primary examples of the Western Indian School (or Apabhramsha School), not the Pahari School. The Pahari School developed much later (17th-19th centuries) in the Himalayan foothills and is characterized by lyrical themes, soft colors, and Hindu mythology (e.g., Radha-Krishna), distinct from the angular, bold style of Jain paintings.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Western Indian School marks a transition in Indian manuscript painting. Early illustrations (11th-14th century) were executed on palm leaves. With the introduction of paper in the late 14th century, the style evolved, allowing for larger compositions and more elaborate use of colors (such as ultramarine and gold). Kalpasutra manuscripts exist in both palm-leaf and paper formats.
Key Takeaway: Kalpasutra illustrations are the hallmark of the Western Indian (Jain) School of Miniature Painting, characterized by angular features, protruding eyes, and the historical transition from palm leaf to paper manuscripts.