The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
Jaina philosophy is grounded in the dualism of Jiva (soul) and Ajiva (matter). The fundamental aim of the religion is the liberation of the soul from the bondage of karma through Right Faith, Right Knowledge, and Right Conduct (Triratna).
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Jainism advocates a hylozoistic or animistic view of the universe. It asserts that life exists not only in humans and animals but also in plants, stones, rocks, water bodies, and even the wind. The entire world is believed to be animated.
- Statement 2 is Correct: In Jaina doctrine, karma is viewed as a subtle material substance that adheres to the soul due to passions and actions. To liberate the soul, one must stop the influx of new karma (Samvara) and wear out existing karma (Nirjara). Asceticism and penance are strictly required to achieve this purification and break the cycle of birth and rebirth.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Jainism posits that the rigorous discipline required to avoid all forms of violence (Ahimsa) and to perform the necessary penance is not fully possible for a householder. Therefore, monastic existence is considered a necessary condition for attaining salvation (Kaivalya).
Key Takeaway: Jainism is characterized by the belief that the entire cosmos is alive and that rigorous asceticism, achievable only through monastic life, is essential for the annihilation of karma and the attainment of liberation.