The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
The evolution of coinage in ancient India marks a transition from the use of metal pieces with stamped symbols to sophisticated die-struck coins bearing the names and portraits of rulers. This transition reflects changes in political authority and economic complexity.
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
Punch-marked coins, made mostly of silver and copper, are among the earliest coins used in India (circa 6th century BCE onwards). While imperial authorities (such as the Mauryas) issued these coins, they were not issued exclusively by kings. Historical evidence suggests that merchants, bankers, and town corporations (guilds) also issued punch-marked coins to facilitate trade and commerce.
Statement 2 is Correct:
The Indo-Greeks, who established control over the north-western part of the subcontinent in the second century BCE, were the first rulers in India to issue coins that can be definitely attributed to specific kings. These coins were the first to bear the names and portraits of the rulers, a practice that was later adopted by other dynasties like the Satavahanas and Kushanas.
Key Takeaway:
Punch-marked coins (earliest) carried only symbols and were issued by various entities including guilds, whereas Indo-Greek coins introduced the tradition of minting coins with the ruler's name and image.