Correct Option
The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Earth's surface is continuously shaped by the interaction of various domains-the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. These interactions manifest through geomorphic processes, which are classified into endogenic (internal) and exogenic (external) forces.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The biosphere and lithosphere interact closely. Plant roots bind soil particles together, providing stability. The cutting of forests (deforestation) destroys this binding mechanism, exposing the topsoil to agents of denudation like wind and water. On slopes, this leads to the rapid removal of soil (erosion).
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Earthquakes are sudden endogenic movements originating from the Earth's interior. They have profound effects on the Earth's surface, including the formation of faults, fractures, landslides, and changes in land elevation. It is factually incorrect to state that they have no effect on the surface.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Tectonic activities and associated events like Tsunamis can drastically alter coastal geography. For instance, during the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, parts of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands underwent submergence. Notably, Indira Point, the southernmost point of India, was submerged during this event.
Key Takeaway
Geomorphic processes are dynamic; human activities (like deforestation) accelerate exogenic processes (erosion), while natural events (like earthquakes and tsunamis) drive significant endogenic changes, such as land submergence or upliftment.