The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) revolution serves as a fundamental driver of globalization, particularly in the services sector. By digitizing information and connecting global networks, ICT has transformed how services are produced, traded, and consumed across borders.
Statement 1 is Correct:
The advancement of ICT has drastically reduced the cost of communication. Technologies such as the internet, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and satellite communication have made the transmission of voice and data accessible at negligible costs compared to traditional methods.
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
Communication technologies like email, voice-mail, and instant messaging are inherently borderless. They are designed to facilitate instantaneous communication across the globe and are not restricted to use within national boundaries. This global connectivity is the defining feature of the modern internet era.
Statement 3 is Correct:
ICT has played a pivotal role in the globalization of services. It allows services that were previously considered non-tradable (such as accounting, customer support, medical transcription, and software development) to be outsourced and delivered remotely. This has led to the rise of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and the integration of global service markets.
Key Takeaway:
The ICT revolution facilitates globalization by minimizing communication costs and eliminating geographical barriers, thereby enabling the cross-border trade of services and the growth of the outsourcing industry.