The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The 'Indigenous Style' of painting refers to the artistic traditions that flourished in North and Western India (such as the Western Indian School, Apabhramsha style, and the Chaurapanchasika group) prior to the consolidation of the Mughal School. These styles formed the foundation for the later Rajasthani and Pahari schools.
Statement 1 is Correct.
Unlike the Mughal School, which was primarily an imperial art sustained by the Emperor's court, the Indigenous styles were patronised by a diverse group including wealthy citizens (such as Jain merchants in Gujarat), local feudal lords, and regional chieftains. This decentralized patronage allowed the style to thrive across various centers like Malwa, Jaunpur, and Mewar.
Statement 2 is Incorrect.
The Indigenous style predates the Mughal era. It evolved from the earlier mural traditions and the Western Indian (Jain) manuscript paintings. Works like the Chaurapanchasika and the Laur Chanda series were produced in the 15th and early 16th centuries, well before the Mughal atelier was established under Akbar.
Statement 3 is Correct.
The thematic scope of these paintings was broad. It included:
- Religious themes: Illustrations of Jain texts (Kalpasutra) and Hindu scriptures (Gita Govinda, Bhagavata Purana).
- Secular and Literary themes: Illustrations of romantic poetry and folklore, such as the Chaurapanchasika (Fifty Stanzas of Secret Love) and the Laur Chanda.
Key Takeaway:
The 'Indigenous Style' is characterized by flat fields of bright colour, angular features, and prominent eyes, representing the transition from the Western Indian manuscript tradition to the developed Regional Schools of miniature painting.