Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Human Poverty Index (HPI) was introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in its 1997 Human Development Report. Unlike the Human Development Index (HDI), which measures progress, the HPI measures the extent of deprivation or the shortfall in the three basic dimensions of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. In 2010, it was replaced by the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The HPI was designed to measure the "shortfall" in human development. While the HDI measures the average achievements in a country, the HPI focuses on the distribution of progress and the backlog of deprivation that still exists.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The HPI is not strictly an income-based measure. It views poverty as a denial of choices and opportunities for living a tolerable life, rather than merely a lack of income. It aggregates deprivations in health, education, and standard of living.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The HPI for developing countries (HPI-1) specifically measures deprivation in longevity by the probability at birth of not surviving to age 40. Other indicators included adult illiteracy and lack of access to health services and safe water.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: The Human Poverty Index (HPI) measures non-income deprivations in health, education, and standard of living. For developing nations, it specifically tracks the probability of dying before age 40, adult illiteracy, and lack of decent living standards.