Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Green Revolution refers to the substantial increase in food grain production in India, initiated in the 1960s, through the introduction of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and assured irrigation facilities.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The first phase of the Green Revolution (approximately mid-1960s to mid-1970s) was primarily restricted to more affluent states such as Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. These regions possessed the necessary financial resources and irrigation infrastructure required for the intensive application of HYV technology.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The second phase of the Green Revolution (mid-1970s to mid-1980s) was not restricted to wheat-growing regions alone. During this phase, the technology spread to a larger number of states and covered a wider variety of crops, extending benefits beyond the initial limited regions.
- Statement 3 is Correct: HYV crops were generally more prone to pest attacks and diseases compared to traditional varieties. This risk was mitigated by the services provided by government research institutes, which developed pest-resistant varieties and pest management strategies.
Key Takeaway: The Green Revolution was implemented in phases; the first was regionally restricted to affluent states and focused largely on wheat, whereas the second phase expanded the technology to other regions and a broader range of crops.