Correct Option
The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, covered a vast geographical area encompassing parts of modern-day Pakistan, Northwest India, and a small portion of Afghanistan. It extended from Manda in the north to Daimabad in the south, and from Sutkagen Dor in the west to Alamgirpur in the east.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. A significant portion of the Harappan Civilization is located in present-day Pakistan. Major sites such as Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan), Mohenjo-daro (Sindh, Pakistan), Chanhudaro, and Sutkagen Dor are situated within the borders of Pakistan.
- Statement 2 is Correct. Numerous Harappan sites have been excavated across these Indian states:
- Gujarat: Lothal, Dholavira, Rangpur, and Surkotada.
- Rajasthan: Kalibangan.
- Haryana: Rakhigarhi and Banawali.
- Statement 3 is Correct. Sites have been discovered in the Indian state of Punjab. The most notable site is Ropar (Rupnagar), located on the banks of the Sutlej River. It was the first site excavated in independent India.
Key Takeaway: The Indus Valley Civilization was not confined to the Indus river valley alone; its mature phase sites are distributed across Pakistan (Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan) and India (J&K, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Western Uttar Pradesh).