The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) served as the first capital of the Magadha Mahajanapada. Its strategic location and physical fortifications played a crucial role in the rise of Magadha as a dominant power during the period of the Second Urbanisation.
- Statement 1 is Correct: Rajagriha was strategically located amongst five hills: Vipula, Vaibhara, Ratna, Saila, and Udaya. These hills acted as natural barriers, making the city difficult to breach. To further strengthen the defense, stone walls were constructed to link these hills, creating a fortified perimeter around the settlement.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The ancient fortification walls of Rajagriha, often referred to as the "Cyclopean Wall," were constructed using massive, undressed stones. These stones were fitted together without the use of mortar. While burnt bricks became common in later periods of Indian architecture, the early fortifications at Rajagriha are characterized by this dry stone masonry, not burnt bricks.
Key Takeaway: Rajagriha, the early capital of Magadha, was a naturally fortified city surrounded by five hills and further protected by massive dry stone walls (Cyclopean masonry), distinct from the burnt brick structures of the Harappan or later historical periods.