The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
The Amaravati Stupa in Andhra Pradesh was one of the most significant centers of Buddhist art. Its history serves as a case study in the destruction of heritage sites due to early discovery and the absence of archaeological preservation policies during the 18th and 19th centuries. This contrasts with sites like Sanchi, which were discovered later and preserved.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Amaravati Stupa was discovered in 1754 (18th century), not the twentieth century. Since it was discovered long before the enactment of preservation laws (such as the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904) or the establishment of the Archaeological Survey of India, it was subjected to unregulated dismantling.
- Statement 2 is Correct: In 1754, the local Raja of Chintapalli stumbled upon the ruins. Unaware of their historical value, he decided to use the high-quality limestone slabs from the stupa to construct a temple and for other building purposes.
- Statement 3 is Correct: British officials contributed to the depletion of the site by removing sculptures for museums. Colin Mackenzie visited the site in 1797 and found several slabs. Later, in 1854, Walter Elliot (Commissioner of Guntur) collected numerous sculpture panels and transported them to Madras. These collections, often called the "Elliot Marbles," were eventually distributed between museums in Madras and London.
Key Takeaway:
The fate of the Amaravati Stupa was sealed by its early discovery in the 18th century, leading to its destruction by local quarrying and colonial collection efforts before any legal framework for heritage preservation existed.