The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The evolution of rock-cut architecture in Western India (2nd century BCE - 6th century CE) is marked by the transition from the early Hinayana phase, characterized by simple designs and symbolic worship, to the later Mahayana phase, which introduced elaborate ornamentation and image worship. This evolution is distinctly visible in the changing layout of Viharas (monastic dwellings).
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: While early Viharas were generally austere, specific early examples, such as Cave 12 at Ajanta, feature interior decorative motifs. In these caves, the doorways to the monk's cells lining the interior hall are decorated with chaitya window arches and vedika (railing) designs. This indicates that interior ornamentation existed even in the early phase.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Vihara caves at Nashik (such as Cave 3 and Cave 10) are known for having pillars, specifically in the verandah and often within the hall. The architectural group characterized by the absence of pillars in the hall is found at Junnar, not Nashik. The Junnar viharas are distinct for their pillar-less interior halls.
- Statement 3 is Correct: During the later phase of evolution (often associated with the Mahayana influence), the plan of the Vihara changed. A shrine chamber containing a Stupa or an image of the Buddha was added to the back wall of the hall. This structural change integrated the place of worship (Chaitya) with the place of residence (Vihara), transforming the structure into a Chaitya-Vihara (e.g., later caves at Ajanta and Ellora).
Key Takeaway:
The Junnar caves are unique for their pillar-less Vihara halls, whereas Nashik caves feature pillars. The evolution of Viharas culminated in the Chaitya-Vihara, where a shrine was incorporated directly into the residential hall.