The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
India's energy policy is driven by the "Energy Trilemma": ensuring energy security, energy equity (access and affordability), and environmental sustainability. The policy advocates a diversified energy mix, balancing conventional sources with a growing emphasis on renewable energy and strategic reserves.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. India has not completely phased out coal-based thermal power plants. Coal remains the backbone of India's energy sector, accounting for the majority (over 50%) of the installed power generation capacity and electricity generation. While the government is retiring old, inefficient plants, coal continues to be essential for baseload power requirements.
- Statement 2 is Correct. The government actively encourages the use of non-conventional (renewable) energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomass. This is aimed at reducing the carbon footprint, mitigating environmental pollution, and meeting international climate commitments (e.g., the target of 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030).
- Statement 3 is Correct. Nuclear energy is recognized as a clean, reliable, and base-load source of electricity. It is considered a vital component for long-term energy security, particularly to reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels. India's three-stage nuclear power programme is designed to utilize domestic thorium reserves for sustainable long-term energy production.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: India follows a mixed energy strategy where coal remains the primary source for immediate needs, while policy aggressively promotes renewable energy for sustainability and nuclear energy for long-term security and independence.