The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Early tribal societies, particularly those emerging during the Neolithic period, established specific social customs and divisions of labor to manage the transition to settled agricultural and pastoral life. These roles were often distinct based on gender and age.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: In early tribal societies, women played a central role in agricultural production. They were responsible for the majority of agricultural work, which included preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after growing plants, and harvesting. Additionally, post-harvest processing tasks such as threshing, husking, and grinding grain were almost exclusively performed by women.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The division of labor typically assigned the management of livestock to men. Men usually led large herds of animals in search of pasture. While children often looked after small flocks, the responsibility for moving and protecting large herds fell to the men.
Key Takeaway:
In early Neolithic tribal societies, the division of labor was characterized by women managing the entire agricultural cycle and grain processing, while men were primarily responsible for herding large livestock.