The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Chalukyas of Badami (6th-8th century CE) played a foundational role in the evolution of Indian temple architecture. Their monuments, concentrated in the Malaprabha river valley at Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal, mark the transition from rock-cut caves to structural temples. This region is known for the coexistence and experimentation of Nagara (North Indian) and Dravida (South Indian) architectural styles.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect.
The Ravana Phadi cave is located at Aihole, not Badami. It is one of the earliest rock-cut shrines in the region, dedicated to Lord Shiva, and dates to the mid-6th century. While Badami is famous for its four major cave temples (Cave 1 to 4), Ravana Phadi is a distinct monument situated in Aihole. - Statement 2 is Correct.
The Virupaksha temple at Pattadakal is built in the Dravida style. It was commissioned by Queen Lokamahadevi to commemorate the victory of Vikramaditya II over the Pallavas of Kanchipuram. The temple is modeled after the Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram, showcasing distinct Dravidian features such as the vimana (tower) with storeys and a stupi (finial). - Statement 3 is Correct.
The Durga temple at Aihole is renowned for its unique apsidal plan (semi-circular rear), which resembles the layout of a Buddhist Chaitya hall. Despite its name (derived from 'durg' meaning fortress, as it was near a fortification), it is a Brahmanical temple. The structure includes a pillared corridor running around the inner sanctum, adapting the Buddhist chaitya style for Hindu worship.
Key Takeaway:
Aihole is considered the "Cradle of Indian Temple Architecture" due to its early experimental forms, while Pattadakal represents the mature phase where distinct Nagara (e.g., Galaganatha) and Dravida (e.g., Virupaksha) styles were established side by side.