The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Indian Constitution absorbed various features from global constitutions to suit local needs. The federal structure of India is distinct because it establishes a "Union of States" rather than a strict federation, drawing significant inspiration from the Canadian constitutional model regarding the distribution of power between the Centre and the States.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The term "quasi-federal" describes a system that is federal in form but unitary in spirit. The Indian Constitution establishes a federal structure that leans heavily towards the Centre (Unitary bias). This specific model, which avoids a strict separation of powers typical of the US Constitution, is modeled on the Canadian experience.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The concept of Fundamental Duties was not borrowed from Canada. It was inspired by the Constitution of the erstwhile USSR (Soviet Union). Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Indian Constitution explicitly borrows the concept of a Federation with a strong central government from Canada. This ensures that while states have autonomy, the Centre retains overriding powers to maintain national unity. Other features borrowed from Canada include vesting residuary powers in the Centre and the appointment of State Governors by the Centre.
Key Takeaway:
Sources of the Constitution:
Canada: Federation with a strong Centre, Residuary powers with the Centre, Appointment of State Governors by the Centre, Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
USSR: Fundamental Duties, Ideals of Justice (Social, Economic, and Political) in the Preamble.