The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
Nalanda Mahavihara was a renowned ancient center of higher learning located in present-day Bihar. It flourished from the 5th century CE to the 12th century CE, receiving significant patronage from the Gupta Empire and later the Pala dynasty. It was a pivotal site for Buddhist art and education.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct. Historical evidence and accounts by Chinese traveler Xuanzang attribute the foundation of the Nalanda monastery to Shakraditya, who is identified as Kumargupta I (reigned c. 415-455 CE) of the Gupta dynasty. Thus, the institution's origins date back to the 5th century CE.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect. Nalanda was not exclusively a center for Hinayana Buddhism. While it accommodated various schools of thought, it was primarily a major seat of Mahayana learning. The curriculum was diverse, encompassing Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism, the Vedas, logic (Hetuvidya), grammar (Sabdavidya), and medicine (Chikitsavidya).
- Statement 3 is Incorrect. The art of Nalanda, particularly under the influence of the Pala school, is distinct for its iconography. Depictions of Crowned Buddhas are a characteristic feature of this style. Unlike earlier Gandhara or Mathura styles where the Buddha is typically shown in simple monastic robes without ornaments, Nalanda sculptures often depict the Buddha wearing a crown and jewelry, symbolizing his status as a cosmic sovereign.
Key Takeaway
Nalanda was founded by Kumargupta I in the 5th century CE and served as a premier center for Mahayana Buddhism. Its artistic tradition is noted for introducing the iconography of the "Crowned Buddha," deviating from the unadorned depictions of earlier periods.