Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Pala School of Art (8th-12th century CE) flourished in Bengal and Bihar. It is renowned for its mastery of bronze casting using the cire-perdue (lost-wax) technique. These sculptures, often depicting Buddhist deities like Tara and Avalokiteshvara, are characterized by technical perfection, intricate ornamentation, and stylistic influences derived from the Gupta period.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct. The famous bronze image of Tara from the Pala school (specifically found at Kurkihar) is depicted seated on a high double-lotus throne. The posture is elegant, reflecting the sculptural maturity of the period.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect. The figure is not devoid of floral motifs. In Pala iconography, Tara is closely associated with the lotus. In this specific image, she holds a lotus stalk in her left hand, and the throne or halo often incorporates floral or scroll-like designs. Pala bronzes are generally known for their rich ornamentation rather than austerity.
- Statement 3 is Correct. Her right hand is depicted in the Varada Mudra, which is the gesture of charity or boon-granting. This is a standard iconographic feature for the deity Tara in this school.
Key Takeaway
Pala bronzes are distinguished by their intricate details, the use of the lost-wax technique, and the synthesis of classical Gupta elegance with regional stylistic elaborations, such as high thrones and heavy ornamentation.